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Agile Model The meaning of Agile is swift or versatile."Agile process model" refers to a software development approach based on iterative development. Agile methods break tasks into smaller iterations, or parts do not directly involve long term planning. The project scope and requirements are laid down at the beginning of the development process. Plans regarding the number of iterations, the duration and the scope of each iteration are clearly defined in advance. Each iteration is considered as a short time "frame" in the Agile process model, which typically lasts from one to four weeks. The division of the entire project into smaller parts helps to minimize the project risk and to reduce the overall project delivery time requirements. Each iteration involves a team working through a full software development life cycle including planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing before a working product is demonstrated to the client. Phases of Agile Model...

Incremental Model Incremental Model is a process of software development where requirements divided into multiple standalone modules of the software development cycle. In this model, each module goes through the requirements, design, implementation and testing phases. Every subsequent release of the module adds function to the previous release. The process continues until the complete system achieved. The various phases of incremental model are as follows: 1. Requirement analysis: In the first phase of the incremental model, the product analysis expertise identifies the requirements. And the system functional requirements are understood by the requirement analysis team. To develop the software under the incremental model, this phase performs a crucial role. 2. Design & Development: In this phase of the Incremental model of SDLC, the design of the system functionality and the development method are finished with success. When software develops new practicality, the incremental mode...

Spiral Model The spiral model, initially proposed by Boehm, is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative feature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential model. It implements the potential for rapid development of new versions of the software. Using the spiral model, the software is developed in a series of incremental releases. During the early iterations, the additional release may be a paper model or prototype. During later iterations, more and more complete versions of the engineered system are produced. Each cycle in the spiral is divided into four parts: Objective setting: Each cycle in the spiral starts with the identification of purpose for that cycle, the various alternatives that are possible for achieving the targets, and the constraints that exists. Risk Assessment and reduction: The next phase in the cycle is to calculate these various alternatives based on the goals and constraints. The focus of evaluation ...

RAD (Rapid Application Development) Model RAD is a linear sequential software development process model that emphasizes a concise development cycle using an element based construction approach. If the requirements are well understood and described, and the project scope is a constraint, the RAD process enables a development team to create a fully functional system within a concise time period. RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a concept that products can be developed faster and of higher quality through: Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs The re-use of software components A rigidly paced schedule that refers design improvements to the next product version Less formality in reviews and other team communication The various phases of RAD are as follows: 1.Business Modelling: The information flow among business functions is defined by answering questions like what data drives the business process, what data...

Waterfall model Winston Royce introduced the Waterfall Model in 1970.This model has five phases: Requirements analysis and specification, design, implementation, and unit testing, integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance. The steps always follow in this order and do not overlap. The developer must complete every phase before the next phase begins. This model is named "Waterfall Model", because its diagrammatic representation resembles a cascade of waterfalls. 1. Requirements analysis and specification phase: The aim of this phase is to understand the exact requirements of the customer and to document them properly. Both the customer and the software developer work together so as to document all the functions, performance, and interfacing requirement of the software. It describes the "what" of the system to be produced and not "how."In this phase, a large document called Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document is created whic...

Software Requirements The software requirements are description of features and functionalities of the target system. Requirements convey the expectations of users from the software product. The requirements can be obvious or hidden, known or unknown, expected or unexpected from client’s point of view. Requirement Engineering The process to gather the software requirements from client, analyze and document them is known as requirement engineering. The goal of requirement engineering is to develop and maintain sophisticated and descriptive ‘System Requirements Specification’ document. Requirement Engineering Process It is a four step process, which includes – Feasibility Study Requirement Gathering Software Requirement Specification Software Requirement Validation Let us see the process briefly - Feasibility study When the client approaches the organization for getting the desired product developed, it comes up with rough idea about what all functions the software must perform and which...

Why Software Engineering is Popular? Here are important reasons behind the popularity of software engineering: Large software – In our real life, it is quite more comfortable to build a wall than a house or building. In the same manner, as the size of the software becomes large, software engineering helps you to build software. Scalability - If the software development process were based on scientific and engineering concepts, it is easier to re-create new software to scale an existing one. Adaptability : Whenever the software process was based on scientific and engineering, it is easy to re-create new software with the help of software engineering. Cost - Hardware industry has shown its skills and huge manufacturing has lower the cost of the computer and electronic hardware. Dynamic Nature - Always growing and adapting nature of the software. It depends on the environment in which the user works. Quality Management : Offers better method of software development to provide quality so...

What is Software Engineering? Software engineering is defined as a process of analyzing user requirements and then designing, building, and testing software application which will satisfy those requirements. Let's look at the various definitions of software engineering: IEEE, in its standard 610.12-1990, defines software engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, which is a computable approach for the development, operation, and maintenance of software. Fritz Bauer defined it as 'the establishment and used standard engineering principles. It helps you to obtain, economically, software which is reliable and works efficiently on the real machines'. Boehm defines software engineering, which involves, 'the practical application of scientific knowledge to the creative design and building of computer programs. It also includes associated documentation needed for developing, operating, and maintaining them.'

History Of Software The Early Days of Software Computer scientist Tom Kilburn is responsible for writing the world’s very first piece of software, which was run at 11 a.m. on June 21, 1948, at the University of Manchester in England. Kilburn and his colleague Freddie Williams had built one of the earliest computers, the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (also known as the “Baby”). The SSEM was programmed to perform mathematical calculations using machine code instructions. This first piece of software took “only” 52 minutes to correctly compute the greatest divisor of 2 to the power of 18 (262,144). For decades after this groundbreaking event, computers were programmed with punch cards in which holes denoted specific machine code instructions. Fortran, one of the very first higher-level programming languages, was originally published in 1957. The next year, statistician John Tukey coined the word “software” in an article about computer programming. Other pioneering programmin...

Types Of Softwares The two main types of software are system software and application software. System software is a type of computer program designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. System software coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and software. In addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and provides an environment or platform for all the other types of software to work in. The best-known example of system software is the operating system (OS), which manages all the other programs in a computer. Application software is a computer software package that performs a specific function for an end user or, in some instances, for another application. An application can be self-contained or a group of programs. The program is a set of operations that runs the application for the user. Applications use the computer's OS and other supporting programs, typically system software, to function. Application software is differ...

Software Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. Opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer, software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer, and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into categories. Application software refers to user-downloaded programs that fulfill a want or need. Examples of applications include office suites, database programs, web browsers, word processors, software development tools, image editors and communication platforms. System software includes operating systems and any program that supports application software.

Basic Building Blocks Of The C Programming You have seen the basic structure of a C program, so it will be easy to understand other basic building blocks of the C programming language. Tokens in C A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C statement consists of five tokens − printf("Hello, World! \n"); The individual tokens are − printf (    "Hello, World! \n" ) ; Semicolons In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity. Given below are two different statements − printf("Hello, World! \n"); return 0; Comments Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown below − /* my first program in C */ You cannot have comments withi...

Hello World Example A C program basically consists of the following parts − Preprocessor Commands Functions Variables Statements & Expressions Comments Let us look at a simple code that would print the words "Hello World" − INPUT #include <stdio.h> void main {    /* my first program in C */    printf("Hello, World! \n");    getch; } Let us take a look at the various parts of the above program − The first line of the program #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation. The next line int main() is the main function where the program execution begins. The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the program. The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen. The next line...

Applications of C Programming C was initially used for system development work, particularly the programs that make-up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as the code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use of C are - Operating Systems Language Compilers Assemblers Text Editors Print Spoolers Network Drivers Modern Programs Databases Language Interpreters Utilities Audience This tutorial is designed for software programmers with a need to understand the C programming language starting from scratch. This C tutorial will give you enough understanding on C programming language from where you can take yourself to higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages will help you in understanding the C programming concepts and move fast...

What Is C Programming C programming is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating system. C is the most widely used computer language. It keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language, which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers. Why to Learn C Programming? C programming language is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Software Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning C Programming: Easy to learn Structured language It produces efficient programs It can handle low-level activities It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms Facts about C C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX. C is a successor of B language which was introduced aroun...

The Moving Car Program In C  INPUT #include <stdio.h> #include <graphics.h> #include <conio.h> #include <dos.h> int main() { int gd = DETECT, gm; int i, maxx, midy; initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI"); maxx = getmaxx(); midy = getmaxy()/2; for (i=0; i < maxx-150; i=i+5) { cleardevice(); setcolor(WHITE); line(0, midy + 37, maxx, midy + 37); setcolor(YELLOW); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED); line(i, midy + 23, i, midy); line(i, midy, 40 + i, midy - 20); line(40 + i, midy - 20, 80 + i, midy - 20); line(80 + i, midy - 20, 100 + i, midy); line(100 + i, midy, 120 + i, midy); line(120 + i, midy, 120 + i, midy + 23); line(0 + i, midy + 23, 18 + i, midy + 23); arc(30 + i, midy + 23, 0, 180, 12); line(42 + i, midy + 23, 78 + i, midy + 23); arc(90 + i, midy + 23, 0, 180, 12); line(102 + i, midy + 23, 120 + i, midy + 23); line(28 + i, midy, 43 + i, midy - 15); line(43 + i, midy - 15, 57 + i, midy - 15); line(57 + i, midy - 15, 57 + i, midy); line(57 +...

The DDA Line Drawing Algorithm  INPUT #include <graphics.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <dos.h> void main( ) { float x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,step; int i,gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi"); printf("Enter the value of x1 and y1 : "); scanf("%f%f",&x1,&y1); printf("Enter the value of x2 and y2: "); scanf("%f%f",&x2,&y2); dx=abs(x2-x1); dy=abs(y2-y1); if(dx>=dy) step=dx; else step=dy; dx=dx/step; dy=dy/step; x=x1; y=y1; i=1; while(i<=step) { putpixel(x,y,5); x=x+dx; y=y+dy; i=i+1; delay(100); } getch(); closegraph(); } OUTPUT

Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm Program In C INPUT #include<stdio.h> #include<graphics.h> void drawline(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) { int dx, dy, p, x, y; dx=x1-x0; dy=y1-y0; x=x0; y=y0; p=2*dy-dx; while(x<x1) { if(p>=0) { putpixel(x,y,7); y=y+1; p=p+2*dy-2*dx; } else { putpixel(x,y,7); p=p+2*dy; } x=x+1; } } int main() { int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, error, x0, y0, x1, y1; initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c:\\turboc3\\bgi"); printf("Enter co-ordinates of first point: "); scanf("%d%d", &x0, &y0); printf("Enter co-ordinates of second point: "); scanf("%d%d", &x1, &y1); drawline(x0, y0, x1, y1); getch(); } OUTPUT

Program to create a house like figure and perform the following operations.  Scaling about the origin followed by translation.  Scaling with reference to an arbitrary point. Reflect about the line y = mx + c. INPUT #include <stdio.h> #include <graphics.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #include <conio.h> void reset (int h[][2]) { int val[9][2] = { { 50, 50 },{ 75, 50 },{ 75, 75 },{ 100, 75 }, { 100, 50 },{ 125, 50 },{ 125, 100 },{ 87, 125 },{ 50, 100 } }; int i; for (i=0; i<9; i++) { h[i][0] = val[i][0]-50; h[i][1] = val[i][1]-50; } } void draw (int h[][2]) { int i; setlinestyle (DOTTED_LINE, 0, 1); line (320, 0, 320, 480); line (0, 240, 640, 240); setlinestyle (SOLID_LINE, 0, 1); for (i=0; i<8; i++) line (320+h[i][0], 240-h[i][1], 320+h[i+1][0], 240-h[i+1][1]); line (320+h[0][0], 240-h[0][1], 320+h[8][0], 240-h[8][1]); } void rotate (int h[][2], float angle) { int i; for (i=0; i<9; i++) { int xnew, ynew; xnew = h[i][0] * cos (angl...

2D Rotation On A Given Object Program INPUT #include<stdio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C//TurboC3//BGI"); int x1,y1,x2,y2 ; float b1,b2; float t,deg; printf(“Enter the coordinates of Line: ”); scanf(“%d%d%d%d”,&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2); setcolor(6); line(x1,y1,x2,y2); getch(); //cleardevice(); printf(“Enter the angle of rotation: “); scanf(“%f”,&deg); t=(22*deg)/(180*7); b1=abs((x2*cos(t))-(y2*sin(t))); b2=abs((x2*sin(t))+(y2*cos(t))); line(x1,y1,b1,b2); getch(); closegraph(); } OUTPUT

Smiling Face Animation Program INPUT #include<graphics.h> #include<conio.h> #include<stdlib.h> main() { int gd = DETECT, gm, area, temp1, temp2, left = 25, top = 75; void *p; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TC\\BGI"); setcolor(YELLOW); circle(50,100,25); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW); floodfill(50,100,YELLOW); setcolor(BLACK); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK); fillellipse(44,85,2,6); fillellipse(56,85,2,6); ellipse(50,100,205,335,20,9); ellipse(50,100,205,335,20,10); ellipse(50,100,205,335,20,11); area = imagesize(left, top, left + 50, top + 50); p = malloc(area); setcolor(WHITE); settextstyle(SANS_SERIF_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,2); outtextxy(155,451,"Smiling Face Animation"); setcolor(BLUE); rectangle(0,0,639,449); while(!kbhit()) { temp1 = 1 + random ( 588 ); temp2 = 1 + random ( 380 ); getimage(left, top, left + 50, top + 50, p); putimage(left, top, p, XOR_PUT); putimage(temp1 , temp2, p, XOR_PUT); delay(100); left = temp1; top = temp2; } getch(); closegra...

A Simple Hut On The Screen INPUT #include<graphics.h> #include<conio.h> int main(){ int gd = DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI"); setcolor(WHITE); rectangle(150,180,250,300); rectangle(250,180,420,300); rectangle(180,250,220,300); line(200,100,150,180); line(200,100,250,180); line(200,100,370,100); line(370,100,420,180); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, BROWN); floodfill(152, 182, WHITE); floodfill(252, 182, WHITE); setfillstyle(SLASH_FILL, BLUE); floodfill(182, 252, WHITE); setfillstyle(HATCH_FILL, GREEN); floodfill(200, 105, WHITE); floodfill(210, 105, WHITE); getch(); closegraph(); return 0; } OUTPUT

Fill A Circle Using Flood Fill Algorithm INPUT #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void floodFill(int, int, int, int); int midx=319, midy=239; void main() { int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, x,y,r; initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "C:\\TURBOCS3\\BGI"); cleardevice(); printf("Enter the Center of circle (X,Y) : "); scanf("%d %d",&x,&y); printf("Enter the Radius of circle R : "); scanf("%d",&r); circle(midx+x,midy-y,r); getch(); floodFill(midx+x,midy-y,13,0); getch(); closegraph(); } void floodFill(int x, int y, int fill, int old) { if(getpixel(x,y) == old) { putpixel(x,y,fill); delay(5); floodFill(x+1,y,fill,old); floodFill(x-1,y,fill,old); floodFill(x,y+1,fill,old); floodFill(x,y-1,fill,old); } } OUTPUT

Write A Program To Implement Liang - Barsky Line Clipping Algorithm INPUT #include<stdio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { int i,gd=DETECT,gm; int x1,y1,x2,y2,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,xx1,xx2,yy1,yy2,dx,dy; float t1,t2,p[4],q[4],temp; x1=120; y1=120; x2=300; y2=300; xmin=100; ymin=100; xmax=250; ymax=250; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi"); rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax); dx=x2-x1; dy=y2-y1; p[0]=-dx; p[1]=dx; p[2]=-dy; p[3]=dy; q[0]=x1-xmin; q[1]=xmax-x1; q[2]=y1-ymin; q[3]=ymax-y1; for(i=0;i<4;i++) { if(p[i]==0) { printf("line is parallel to one of the clipping boundary"); if(q[i]>=0) { if(i<2) { if(y1<ymin) { y1=ymin; } if(y2>ymax) { y2=ymax; } line(x1,y1,x2,y2); } if(i>1) { if(x1<xmin) { x1=xmin; } if(x2>xmax) { x2=xmax; } line(x1,y1,x2,y2); } } } } t1=0; t2=1; for(i=0;i<4;i++) { temp=q[i]/p[i]; if(p[i]<0) { if(t1<=temp) t1=temp; } else { if(t2>temp) t2=temp; }...

Draw The Walking Man On The Screen Program In C INPUT #include<stdio.h> #include<graphics.h> #define ScreenWidth getmaxx() #define ScreenHeight getmaxy() #define GroundY ScreenHeight*0.75 int ldaisp=0; void DrawManWithUmbrella(int a,int ldaisp) { //Draw Umbrella pieslice(a+20,GroundY-120,0,180,40); line(a+20,GroundY-120,a+20,GroundY-70); //Draw head circle(a,GroundY-90,10); line(a,GroundY-80,a,GroundY-30); //Draw hand line(a,GroundY-70,a+10,GroundY-60); line(a,GroundY-65,a+10,GroundY-55); line(a+10,GroundY-60,a+20,GroundY-70); line(a+10,GroundY-55,a+20,GroundY-70); //Draw legs line(a,GroundY-30,a+ldaisp,GroundY); line(a,GroundY-30,a-ldaisp,GroundY); } void Rain(int a) { int i,rx,ry; for(i=0;i<400;i++) { rx=rand() % ScreenWidth; ry=rand() % ScreenHeight; if(ry<GroundY-4) { if(ry<GroundY-120 || (ry>GroundY-120 && (rx<a-20 || rx>a+60))) line(rx,ry,rx+0.5,ry+4); } } } void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm,a=0; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TC\\BGI"...

Drawing Different Shapes Program In C INPUT #include<graphics.h> #include<conio.h> main() {    int gd = DETECT,gm,left=100,top=100,right=200,bottom=200,x= 300,y=150,radius=50;    initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TC\\BGI");    rectangle(left, top, right, bottom);    circle(x, y, radius);    bar(left + 300, top, right + 300, bottom);    line(left - 10, top + 150, left + 410, top + 150);    ellipse(x, y + 200, 0, 360, 100, 50);    outtextxy(left + 100, top + 325, "My first C graphics program");    getch();    closegraph();    return 0; } OUTPUT

Moving Fish Program In C IINPUT #include<stdlib.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<ctype.h> void main() {         int gd=DETECT,gm;         int xincr=0,newy=0,yincr=5;         initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");         cleardevice();         while(!kbhit())         {                 ellipse(520-xincr,200,30,330,90,30);                 circle(450-xincr,193,3);                 line(430-xincr,200,450-xincr,200);                 line(597-xincr,185,630-xincr,170);                 line(597-xincr,215,630-xincr,227);                 line(630-xincr,170,630-xincr,227);     ...